The all-Polish clash, the first of its kind at a WTA 1000 event, lasted just over two hours on Dongfeng Voyah Centre Court.
Chwalinska, the 16th seed, capitalised on a left-leg injury that hampered Swiatek to book her place in the final against Britain's Sonay Kartal.
Swiatek had looked in control for much of the opening set but required a medical timeout while trailing 6-5. She returned with her left thigh bandaged and was visibly restricted in movement.
Chwalinska broke serve to take the set 7-5 and then dominated the second, racing to a 6-1 victory as Swiatek struggled to generate power or cover the court effectively.
Chwalinska converted six of 10 break points and won 61 percent of her first-serve points. Swiatek, who had not dropped a set in the tournament prior to the semi-final, managed only two breaks of her own and finished with four double faults.
The result marks another landmark in Chwalinska's breakthrough season after the 25-year-old reached the French Open final earlier this year.
Swiatek's exit ends her bid to reach the final at all 10 current WTA 1000 events and complicates her late push for a place at the WTA Finals.
Chwalinska will face Kartal, who earlier defeated Jelena Ostapenko in two tight tiebreaks, in Sunday's final.